La seule chose qui soit surprenante, c’est que nous soyons surpris – écrit Clemens Calice , PDG de Cygnum Capital Partners, une banque d’investissement et un gestionnaire d’actifs de premier plan dans les pays émergents.
Depuis un certain temps, l’aide américaine au développement s’éloigne d’une approche multilatérale – l’Europe a vécu dans le déni pendant trop longtemps. L’administration américaine actuelle nous a peut-être rendu service. Elle nous oblige à faire face à ce qui était à la vue de tous. L’Europe se trouve à un moment critique de son approche du développement international. Si elle joue bien son rôle, elle peut rétablir son leadership et créer de nouveaux marchés pour l’industrie européenne. L’Afrique est un immense continent à notre porte. Son développement est à la fois une nécessité et une opportunité pour l’Europe.
Cygnum Capital, banque d’investissement et gestionnaire d’actifs spécialisée dans les marchés frontières, est l’un des investisseurs et conseillers les plus actifs en Afrique. Nous pouvons attester du potentiel des marchés africains, mais nos efforts sont souvent entravés par la réglementation et les politiques européennes.
Les grandes puissances comme les États-Unis, la Russie et la Chine considèrent de plus en plus les relations internationales et l’aide au développement sous l’angle de la somme nulle, contrairement à l’approche plus collaborative et apolitique de l’Europe en matière de développement, axée sur le “bien commun mondial”. Nous avons peut-être raison, mais cela ne fonctionne que si tout le monde joue selon les mêmes règles.
Il est tentant de suivre simplement le modèle américain. Mais il existe une autre voie, qui est à la fois moralement et économiquement justifiable – et l’Europe doit maintenant montrer cette voie. L’Europe possède des atouts uniques en matière d’aide au développement, en particulier en Afrique, où notre avantage réside dans notre vaste réseau d’agences de développement et, surtout, dans l’engagement profond de notre secteur privé sur les marchés africains. Contrairement à l’approche politique de la Development Finance Corporation américaine ou au modèle centré sur l’État de la Chine, l’Europe doit saisir cette occasion pour renforcer ses liens économiques avec l’Afrique d’une manière qui soit mutuellement bénéfique.
La crise offre donc une occasion stratégique pour l’Europe de jouer un rôle de premier plan dans le domaine du financement du développement. Pour en tirer parti, l’Europe doit cultiver et soutenir ses propres talents, tant dans le secteur privé que dans le secteur public. Voici quelques-unes de nos suggestions pour y parvenir :
Nous devons rétablir la domination financière de l’Europe sur les marchés frontières :
L’Europe devrait créer un cadre pour les marchés de capitaux qui permette aux institutions financières privées européennes de jouer un rôle plus important dans le financement des infrastructures et des entreprises dans les marchés émergents.
- Nous devons réformer la réglementation bancaire de Bâle afin d’encourager les banques européennes à financer des projets dans les marchés émergents sans contraintes excessives en matière de capital.
- Nous devons tirer parti de la solidité des secteurs européens de l’assurance et de la réassurance pour réduire le risque des investissements.
- Les gouvernements doivent donner la priorité au soutien financier des entreprises européennes afin qu’elles puissent accéder aux marchés à croissance rapide.
Cela empêchera la finance européenne d’être mise à l’écart par les manœuvres politiques des États-Unis (par exemple, les financements de la DFC qui servent la politique étrangère des États-Unis) et réduira la dépendance à l’égard des modèles d’investissement soutenus par l’État (comme celui de la Chine) en renforçant l’approche de l’Europe menée par le secteur privé.
Nous avons besoin d’une nouvelle stratégie coordonnée en matière de migration et de capital humain
Au lieu de traiter la migration comme une crise, l’Europe devrait investir activement dans des programmes de mobilité de la main-d’œuvre qualifiée entre l’Afrique et l’Europe.
- L’Europe devrait créer des “voies de migration circulaire” permettant aux professionnels africains de travailler temporairement en Europe, d’acquérir des compétences et de revenir.
- Nous devrions lancer des bourses paneuropéennes et des programmes de formation technique axés sur les STIM, la finance et l’esprit d’entreprise.
Cela permettrait d’éviter la fuite des cerveaux de l’Union européenne tout en remédiant aux pénuries de main-d’œuvre de l’Europe dans des secteurs critiques et en renforçant les liens commerciaux entre l’Union européenne et l’Europe grâce au transfert de connaissances, tout en contrant l’influence économique de la Chine, qui ignore souvent le développement du capital humain au niveau local.
Nous devrions utiliser la politique commerciale et industrielle comme un outil stratégique
L’Europe devrait conclure de nouveaux accords commerciaux avec l’Afrique qui privilégient la valeur ajoutée plutôt que l’exportation de matières premières.
- Encourager les entreprises européennes à construire des chaînes de fabrication et d’approvisionnement en Afrique, afin de réduire leur dépendance à l’égard de l’Asie.
- Nous devrions renforcer les partenariats de la zone de libre-échange continentale africaine (AfCFTA) en proposant des politiques commerciales préférentielles. Nous pouvons ainsi réduire la dépendance de l’Afrique à l’égard de la Chine en matière de développement industriel.
Tout cela permettra aux entreprises européennes de bénéficier de la croissance économique de l’Afrique, plutôt que d’être mises à l’écart, et empêchera l’Afrique d’être un fournisseur de matières premières tandis que l’Europe importera des produits finis en provenance de Chine.
Créer un récit européen assertif
L’Europe doit communiquer plus efficacement sa vision globale pour contrer à la fois le protectionnisme américain et le capitalisme d’État chinois.
- Nous devons développer une “marque” européenne d’investissement qui soit claire quant à nos propres intérêts, tout en assurant la création de valeur et la durabilité à long terme.
- Nous devons soutenir les médias et les groupes de réflexion européens afin qu’ils façonnent le discours mondial sur le développement et la collaboration économique.
Cela permet de contrer la stratégie d’investissement “gagnant-perdant” de la Chine et le discours américain sur le leadership occidental, et de renforcer l’influence de la puissance douce qui se traduit par un effet de levier économique et politique.
Les enjeux sont importants, tout comme les récompenses potentielles. Ensemble, nous devons nous efforcer de combler l’écart de richesse inacceptable entre le Nord et le Sud. Cette démarche est à la fois défensive à court terme – un effort européen mieux coordonné protège contre les manœuvres agressives des États-Unis et de la Chine et offre aux Africains davantage d’opportunités chez eux. Elle est également offensive à long terme : rendre le Sud plus prospère créera de la richesse pour l’Europe et des opportunités de croissance. L’auteur est directeur général de Cygnum, banque d’investissement et gestionnaire de fonds émergents.
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